Students can answer the second question by merely saying "Denver," but the first question is likely to start a discussion of air density, engine efficiency, and the effect of temperature on performance, It is the instructors responsibility to help students prepare themselves for the discussion. If students wish to learn about a particular area, they do so by clicking the mouse on a particular portion of the screen. Main Menu. The flight instructor serves as the link between dreaming of a career in the sky and becoming a skilled pilot. Second and perhaps most important, this module will provide instructors with the guidance needed to develop their own FITS-based training curricula. By using "how" and "why" follow-up questions, the instructor should be able to guide the discussion toward the objective of helping students understand the subject, When it appears the students have discussed the ideas that support this particular part of the lesson, the instructor should summarize what the students have accomplished using an interim summary. Generally, the syllabus contains a description of each lesson, including objectives and completion standards. Suspendisse ultrices hendrerit a vitae vel a sodales. The willingness to look for ways to match student learning styles to personal instructional style is another element of effective instruction, A subject matter expert (SME) is a person who possesses a high level of expertise, knowledge, or skill in a particular area. The training record can be reviewed and the students training status easily assessed in case the student transfers to another school or instructor, Another example of enhanced, instructor-oriented material for pilot training is a maneuvers guide or handbook which includes the PTS as an integral part of the description of maneuvers and procedures. As the student progresses through higher levels of performance and understanding, the instructor should shift the training focus to decision-based training objectives. The instructor should not, however, use substandard English. Consider the opening scenario in which Bob arrived early for the class and ensured the classroom was well lit, the desks in order, and that the room presented a neat overall appearance. Guiding a Discussion - Instructor Technique: Introduce and encourage enthusiasm to stimulate discussion, Ask lead-off questions to get the discussion underway and keep the discussion interesting and engaging, Personal Computer-Based Aviation Training Devices (PCATDs), Form habits for observance and reliance on instruments, The teaching process organizes the material an instructor wishes to teach in such a way that the learner understands what is being taught. An effective instructor possesses a strong motivation to teach, as well as a positive attitude toward learning. The give and take of the discussion method also helps students learn to evaluate ideas, concepts, and principles. This change is measurable and therefore can be assessed, Assessment of learning is a complex process and it is important to be clear about the purposes of the assessment. They are essential for reporting complicated information. A complete outline tends to distract students and makes a logical presentation difficult. An AMT uses ADM and risk management skills not only on the job site but also in the repair and maintenance of aircraft, Performance-based and decision-based objectives are also helpful for an instructor designing a lesson plan. Although some schools and independent instructors may develop their own syllabus, in practice, many instructors use a commercially developed syllabus that already has been selected by a school for use in their aviation training program. It could be a private pilot certificate, an instrument rating, or an AMT certificate or rating. The body of the lecture follows with a summary of the lectures main points at the end, The teaching lecture is favored by aviation instructors because it allows some active participation by the students. He also made sure the computer and projector were in working order. As mentioned in chapter 3, covering a subject in too much detail is as bad or worse than sketchy coverage. azure resource types list End users of the aircraft, such as the major airlines, can purchase the training materials with the aircraft in order to accomplish both initial and recurrent training of their personnel. Electronic information on computer networks and bulletin boards is from commercial providers, as well as community, state, and national government agencies. Depending on the requirements of any particular circumstances, a lecture is usually delivered in one of four ways: Reading from a typed or written manuscript, Reciting memorized material without the aid of a manuscript, Speaking extemporaneously from an outline, The teaching lecture is probably best delivered in an extemporaneous manner. Next, explain and demonstrate the steps involved in performing the skill being taught. The instructor should treat everyone impartially, encourage questions, exercise patience and tact, and comment on all responses. There is no guarantee that all of this information is current, or even accurate, It is important to prepare an organized plan of action, Most frequently used to least frequently used, Introducing students to new subject material, Showing relationships between theory and practice, and, No direct reaction from students but economical, Establish the objective and desired outcomes, Help jog memory and ensures important points are emphasized, Can supplement other teaching devices and methods, Students tend to interact and achieve in ways and at levels that are rarely found with other instructional strategies, Clear directions on what the student is going to do, All members of the group must accept the objectives as ones they have agreed to achieve, Tasks are structured so that students must depend upon one another for their group's success in completing and mastering the target objectives, Student must not feel penalized for being placed in a particular group, The focus of learning tasks must be aligned with the specific objectives, Each student and group should be provided the amount of time needed to learn the targeted information, Students must engage in interactive abilities as leadership, Each student must be formally and individually tested to determine mastery and retention, Only members of groups who meet established levels of achievement receive the rewards, Lead-off Question - opens up an area for discussion (how or why, not what or when), Follow-up Question - guides into discussion, Students should be encouraged to participate. The pure lecture format also inhibits student participation. Sometimes, in the process of writing the objective, a difficulty is encountered. The mock-up may emphasize or highlight elements or components for learning and eliminate nonessential elements, Cut-aways, another type of model, are built in sections and can be taken apart to reveal the internal structure. Pictures, drawings, and photographs are especially effective because they provide common visual imagery for both instructors and students. Each student should be given the opportunity to discuss the various aspects of the subject, and feel free to do so. The most common types are the line graph and the bar graph. Lectures are best used when an instructor wishes to convey a general understanding of a subject that students lack. The area of the picture or object is limited to approximately 10 inches by 10 inches, Items which may be projected are practically limitless. The instructor usually shows these primary relationships by developing the main points in one of the following ways: from past to present, simple to complex, known to unknown, and most frequently used to least used, In this pattern of development, the subject matter is arranged chronologically, from the present to the past or from the past to the present. The objectives must be written. All instructors who use test preparation publications should stress that these materials are not designed as stand-alone learning tools. The instructor should remember that the more intense the discussion and the greater the participation, the more effective the learning. Major airlines have highlevel flight simulators that are so realistic that transitioning crews meet all qualifications in the flight simulator. In many classrooms, students may not be able to see the lower half, Stand to one side of the board to avoid hiding the essential information, Adjust lighting as necessary to remove glare, Print media, including photographs, reproductions of pictures, drawings, murals, cartoons, and other print materials are valuable supplemental aids. Thus, an instructor who introduces some form of active student participation in the middle of a lecture greatly increases student retention. Flight instructors in particular must be aware of this problem since students often do a lot of their practice without an instructor. The scale model represents an exact reproduction of the original, while simplified models do not represent reality in all details. Indications from the studies vary greatlyfrom modest results, which show a 10 to 15 percent increase in retention, to more optimistic results in which retention is increased by as much as 80 percent. On the other hand, an independent instructor may have considerable latitude, but limited resources. Clearly defined training objectives that the student understands are essential to the teaching process regardless of the teaching technique used, Research into how people learn has led many experts to recommend ways to present lessons that keep the attention of a class. The instructor must, therefore, allot enough time for meaningful student activity. This is a good indication that the original version was confusing to that person. The tendency toward unnecessarily distracting artwork also should be avoided, Instructional aids should appeal to the student and be based on sound principles of instructional design. An effective instructor never stops learning. New ideas should not be introduced in the conclusion because at this point they are likely to confuse the students, By organizing the lesson material into a logical format, the instructor maximizes the opportunity for students to retain the desired information. The following practices are fundamental in the use of the chalk or marker board: Keep chalk, markers, erasers, cleaning cloths, rulers, and related items readily available to avoid interruption of the presentation, Organize and practice the chalk or marker board presentation in advance, Write or draw large enough for everyone in the group to see, Leave a margin around the material and sufficient space between lines of copy so the board is not overcrowded, Make only one point at a time. For example, a flight instructor should not rely exclusively on a software program on traffic patterns and landings to do the ground instruction for a student pilot, then expect the student to demonstrate patterns and landings in the aircraft. The software may include additional features such as image banks with full color photos and graphics, as well as questions or directions which are programmed to create interactivity for students as they progress through the course, The questions or directions are programmed using a branching technique, which provides several possible courses of action for the user to choose in order to move from one sequence to another. by This motivation should appeal to each student personally and engender a desire to learn the material, Every lesson introduction should contain an overview that tells the group what is to be covered during the period. They are easy to construct and can be produced in the same manner as pictures. The instructor then shares the NTSBs determination of probable cause: "The pilots inadequate decision to continue VFR flight into IMC conditions, which resulted in a loss of engine power due to fuel exhaustion" which can lead to further discussions of how to avoid this type of accident. Teaching methods or training delivery methods are discussed, as well as the use of instructional aids, In education, a course of training is a complete series of studies leading to attainment of a specific goal. [Figure 4-16], Good instructional aids also can help solve certain language barrier problems. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consecte adipi. For example, the instructors voice, printed text, video cassettes, interactive computer programs, part-task trainers, flight training devices, or flight simulators, and numerous other types of training devices are considered training media, In school settings, instructors may become involved in the selection and preparation of instructional aids, but they often are already in place. Learning is best achieved if students participate actively in a friendly, relaxed atmosphere, Therefore, the use of the informal lecture is encouraged. For this instructor, effective management of the classroom promotes learning. Before using a global positioning system (GPS) as the sole means of navigation, students should be taught the basics, Under each main point in a lesson, the subordinate points should lead naturally from one to another. This type of problem encourages the development of HOTS, which include cognitive processes such as problem solving and decision-making, as well as the cognitive skills of analysis, synthesis and evaluation. Through discussion, the students develop an understanding of the subject by sharing knowledge, experiences, and backgrounds. The objective formulated in the last few paragraphs, for instance, is a well-defined lesson objective from the task, Pilotage and Dead Reckoning, in the Private Pilot PTS, PTS hold an important position in aviation training curricula because they supply the instructor with specific performance objectives based on the standards that must be met for the issuance of a particular aviation certificate or rating. For the effective instructor, these skills are reflected in the ability to plan, organize, and carry out a lesson. (See Appendix F.) There are many definitions for PBL, but for the purposes of this handbook, it is defined as the type of learning environment in which lessons are structured in such a way as to confront students with problems encountered in real life that force them to reach real world solutions, PBL starts with a carefully constructed problem to which there is no single solution. Consequently, the objective normally is stated at the understanding level of learning. The projection angle should be adjusted to eliminate image distortion. Provisions for logging training time can be incorporated so the syllabus could also serve as the training record for the student, instructor, or school. Remember that during the preparation, the instructor listed some of the anticipated responses that would, if discussed by the students, indicate that they had a firm grasp of the subject. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by. For example, it would be possible for a technicians eyes to easily move back and forth from computer-generated technical data to the actual hardware while diagnosing and correcting a maintenance problem, Trends in training indicate a shift from the typical classroom to more extensive use of a lab-type environment with computer work or study stations.