RF energy has the ability to heat human tissue, much like the way that microwave ovens heat food, and can be hazardous if the exposure is sufficiently intense or prolonged. Chin J Radiol Med Prot. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. The authors predicted the differential expression of genes associated with transcription, translation and receptor functions (in addition to brain-related and signaling pathway-related) using the iRDB, miRbase and miRanda databases. Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. [38] exposed Wistar rats to a 2.856GHz pulsed microwave field for 6min. Melatonin and serotonin levels were estimated, which play important roles in the nervous system. PubMed Central 2007;28:187380. Wang L, Hu X, Peng R. Influence of long-term microwave radiation on contents of amino acids and monoamines in urine of Wistar rats. Of these, five rats were repeatedly exposed to extremely low-frequency microwaves (915MHz; pulse width, 20ms; average power density, 0.3mW/cm2; repetition frequency, 4.0Hz; intermittently for 1min, On for 1min, and Off for 10min; SAR, 0.7mW/g) and 5 were in the sham group. 2015;56:2618. In contrast, a central injection of a glucose carrier inhibitor induced injury to memories [110]. After exposure to microwave radiation, during synaptic structural plasticity, presynaptic vesicles accumulate or empty, mitochondria are damaged, postsynaptic membranes are perforated, postsynaptic lengths and postsynaptic density distributions are abnormal, mossy fiber growth is inhibited during learning and memory functions, dendritic filopodial densities and activities are decreased, and there is a significant reduction of the dendritic spine density and dendritic fragment length [62]. 2006;98:170713. Resulting Effects on the Human Body. Zhang Y, Li Z, Gao Y. Chizhenkova R. Slow potentials and spike unit activity of the cerebral cortex of rabbits exposed to microwaves. Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. Defective actin dynamics in dendritic spines: cause or consequence of age-induced cognitive decline? Schmid MR, Murbach M, Lustenberger C, Maire M, Kuster N, Achermann P, et al. their effects on the human body are vastly different: - Non-ionizing Radiation Frequency range: 0.1 - 1013 Hz . These spines have been reported to share a close relationship with learning and memory abilities, and when protein synthesis in dendritic spines is blocked, new spine growth and the development of long spines are both decreased [91]. Identification of a novel rat nr2b subunit gene promoter region variant and its association with microwave-induced neuron impairment. J Sleep Res. 2006;5:389. LTP induction involves a signal transduction cascade that includes the release of glutamate from synaptic vesicles, activation of NMDAR at postsynaptic membranes, entry of Ca2+, and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) II, IV and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [71]. Brain Res Rev. Othman et al. 2013;34:58998. Behav Brain Res. ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one. 2012;31:6774. Biomed Environ Sci. Privacy Finally, Hardell et al. 2017;326:291. In the treated rats, 50 calls were missed each day for 4weeks, and the spatial memory abilities of the rats were tested after the experimental period. The Morris water maze has been widely used in neurobehavioral tests [36]. Mortazavi SMJ, Taeb S, Dehghan N. Alterations of visual reaction time and short term memory in military radar personnel. 2002;64:31353. However, there is little scientific evidence to demonstrate that children are more sensitive to electromagnetic radiation than adults [24, 25]. Microwaves of 50mW/cm2 increased the levels of the major excitatory amino acids Asp and glutamic acid (Glu) and the inhibitory amino acids gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Gly, while 6h later in the 30mW/cm2 group, the level of Gly was reduced in the cerebral cortex. Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Moustafa YM, Labib MM. The biological effects of microwave and RF are difficult to quantify, but one method, which in-volves the determination of the relation-ship between the body mass-averaged The results showed that 2.1GHz W-CDMA-modulated microwave radiation did not cause apoptotic cell death but altered cell cycle progression [79]. JAMA. Otto M, von Mhlendahl KE. Nicholson RM, Kusne Y, Nowak LA, LaFerla FM, Reiman EM, Valla J. [101] exposed rats to microwave radiation at frequencies of 0, 900, 1800 and 2450MHz (SARs: 0, 0.59, 0.58 and 0.66mW/kg, respectively) using a transverse electromagnetic cell for 2months for 2h/d, 5 d/week. Positive results were obtained in Morris water maze tests that demonstrated that microwaves influenced learning and memory in rats. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. Article Article 1994;15:95104. Int J Radiat Biol. Bioelectromagnetics. It is widely accepted that protein synthesis occurs in neuronal dendrites and may be the cellular basis of learning and memory, during which local protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity are closely linked to the efficiency of communication between neurons. Springer Nature. While microwave oven radiation doesn't cause cancer, it can cause painful burns if you're exposed to them. Int J Radiat Biol. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. One study reported by the Interphone study group [13] showed that there was no increase in the risk of glioma or meningioma in users of mobile phones. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. It influences both learning and memory in rats [67]. Bioelectromagnetics. Google Scholar. J Med Food. Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. [1] used 10 freely moving rats in which carbon electrodes were implanted in the cortex and dorsomedial hypothalamus. Cellular telephones and cancera nationwide cohort study in Denmark. as it have a harmful side. Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on response times in humans. Gold PE. Qiao et al. Ellis CE, Murphy EJ, Mitchell DC, Golovko MY, Scaglia F, Barcel-Coblijn GC, et al. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. Gibson GE, Jope R, Blass J. 1999;75:44756. Biochem J. Many studies have been made on the biological effects of microwave radiation. Koivisto M, Revonsuo A, Krause C, Haarala C, Sillanmki L, Laine M, et al. Dasdag et al. PubMed Central 2005;161:3314. Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Motawi et al. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings . Clin Neurophysiol. Harris KM. [49] found that microwave radiation enhanced brain wave energy, decreased brain wave frequency, and increased the amplitude and power of delta frequency bands, indicating a decrease in learning ability [50,51,52,53]. Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer. An abnormal EEG is closely associated with damaged cognitive ability. [42] found similar results. eliminating microwave and RF sources. An increasing level of acetylcholine can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in synapses, but its concentration was decreased by 60% after exposure to microwave irradiation [117]. Lymphatic Systems: Due to chemical alterations within food substances, malfunctions occur in the lymphatic system, causing a degeneration of the body's ability to . Li M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Yu Z. Elevation of plasma corticosterone levels and hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor translocation in rats: a potential mechanism for cognition impairment following chronic low-power-density microwave exposure. Each Wi-Fi exposure and restraint occurred for 2h/d during gestation until parturition. Previous studies have produced a large amount of information, and some progress has been made in theory, but the mechanisms have not yet been fully determined, and many points are still disputed. To determine the specific dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, more intensive studies must be performed. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. & Hu, XJ. MicroRNAs: novel mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of microwave exposure on rats hippocampus. 1992;6:379. Bioelectromagnetics. In the cell experiments, the T allele was significantly more vulnerable to microwaves than the C allele with regard to its transcription factor binding ability and the transcriptional activity and mRNA and protein expression of NR2B. These results indicated that mobile phone exposure affected the acquisition of learned responses in Wistar rats. Int J Radiat Biol. 2001;12:72931. Location of gliomas in relation to mobile telephone use: a case-case and case-specular analysis. Johansen C, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH. Sage C, Carpenter D, Hardell L. Comments on SCENIHR: opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. Most matter, including the human body, is largely . Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . Srinivasan R. Anatomical constraints on source models for high-resolution EEG and MEG derived from MRI. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. 2011;343:5224. Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure. miRNAs are non-coding sequences with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides that have roles in cell development and differentiation and are also linked to signal transduction and tumorigenesis. Fragopoulou AF, Samara A, Antonelou MH, Xanthopoulou A, Papadopoulou A, Vougas K, et al. Google Scholar. Interphone study group. Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. Among radar workers exposed to 1418GHz microwaves, the somatic symposium anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression were caused [19]. Those who are accustomed to using their mobile phone ipsilaterally presented a probability that was twice that of people who dont [5,6,7]. For example, it can shorten reaction times so that people can better cope with danger. With the increasing number of applications that use microwave technology, its negative effects on the human body have attracted attention. Bioelectromagnetics. 2006;165:63644. Suhhova A, Bachmann M, Karai D, Lass J, Hinrikus H. Effect of microwave radiation on human EEG at two different levels of exposure. 1996;93:46938. Neurosci Lett. Kwon et al. 2015;28:1324. 2008;22:9927. 2015;148:150. Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O. In the group treated with 0.8W/kg, there was no significant change. Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. Concurrently, the discovery that microwaves have positive biological effects has presented new challenges for research and applications in this field. broad definition in terms of frequencies between. The authors detected the EEG within the frequency bands of 0.530.0Hz for 5 consecutive days. 2013;89:11007. increased with the growing in the number of devices that used the Microwave frequencies in. It has been reported that microwave radiation can induce lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and produce apoptotic signals [74, 75]. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH, Eriksson M. Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Aksen F, Bashan M, Buyukbayram H. Does 900 MHZ GSM mobile phone exposure affect rat brain? Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. The normal function of synaptic vesicles depends on the normal expression of related proteins. The results suggested that chronic non-modulated, but not modulated, microwave radiation may cause anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain [77]. Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK. By using this website, you agree to our Numerous studies have shown that increased acetylcholine is related to promotion of the effect of glucose on memory [112,113,114]. This phenomenon may be explained by the varied radiation dosage adopted in these studies. 1990;39:13543. 2014;53:22230. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. It has been reported that microwave radiation can decrease both the number and the density of dendritic spines [63]. Electromagn Biol Med. [78] exposed differentiated astroglial cells that were cultured for 14days in vitro to either continuous 900MHz waves or 900MHz waves modulated in amplitude at 50Hz using a sinusoidal wave form and 100% modulation index for 5, 10, or 20min. Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels. 2012;35:32534. 1994;10:13548. Cobb BL, Jauchem JR, Adair ER. Qutob S, Chauhan V, Bellier P, Yauk C, Douglas G, Berndt L, et al. PubMed Functional plasticity is affected in other ways, including the abnormal release and uptake of brain amino acids such as choline and monoamine neurotransmitters, a decrease in excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitudes and spikes in long-term potentiating (LTP) in the medial perforated pathway (MPP) in the dentate gyrus (DG) [27]. Bioelectromagnetics. Vakalopoulos C. The EEG as an index of neuromodulator balance in memory and mental illness. 2007;34:146779. However, in rats treated with long-term exposure to radiation, neurons exhibit edema and are arranged irregularly. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. A resting eyes-closed electroencephalogram was used to continuously record the results, which showed that there was an increase in the power of the , 1 and 2 frequency bands in the 0.303W/kg group and in the 2 frequency bands in the 0.003W/kg group. [99] used a microarray and quantitative real-time PCR to analyze the miRNA expression profile in the hippocampus on days 7 and 14 after irradiation with a microwave at 30mW/cm2. Brain cancer with induction periods of less than 10 years in young military radar workers. Neuroreport. 2011;35:36978. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Google Scholar. Megha et al. In industrial fields, exposure is usually occupational, and its sources include the surgical and physiotherapeutic use of diathermy, dielectric heating (i.e., heating and vulcanization applications), microwave ovens, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) medical diagnostic equipment, radar, military and research microwave systems, electricity-supplying networks, and electricity-distributing and transmitting equipment [3]. The acute effects of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones on human attention. Cordless phone radiation effect flows in a human body same way in the mobile phone [13]. The microwave will do its intended job of heating and will start to burn (or cook) the skin tissue. Studies have extensively explored the underlying mechanisms by which microwaves influence learning and memory functions, especially synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. To investigate the effects of microwaves radiation on apoptotic activity, cell viability, and cell cycle progression, which can provide information about microwaves radiation effects on neural cells over the period from embryonic stages to infants. Chronic nonmodulated microwave radiations in mice produce anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain. radiation with wavelengths. The results demonstrated the ability of electric magnetic field (EMF) to influence plasma melatonin and serotonin concentrations in radar workers. PubMed 2003;80:177. frequency range from 1GHz to 10^6 GHz. [103] found that microwave radiation caused DNA single-strand and double-strand breaks in vivo in populations submitted to occupational exposure, and the incidence of micronuclei in lymphocytes was significantly increased. 1984;11:4760. EEG is often used as a tool to diagnose Alzheimers disease [48]. PubMed Central PubMed Central Instead, the effects of exposure of hu-mans and other life forms must be deter-mined and used to set realistic permissi-ble exposure limits. [104] found that exposure to a 1.9GHz pulse-modulated RF field for 4h at 0.1, 1.0, and 10W/kg did not affect gene expression in U87MG glioblastoma cells. Behav Brain Res. Mortazavi et al. An increase in anxiety-related behaviors and a decrease in depression-related behavior were observed in both female and male offspring. Indian J Occup Environ Med. Mil Med Sci. J Natl Cancer Inst. Zhang proposed that the sex-dependent relationship between microwaves and the behavior of offspring may be related to sex hormones, and female rats may be equivalently protected by reducing oxidative stress levels. Mobile phone use facilitates memory in male, but not female, subjects. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. Chandrasekaran K, Hatanp K, Rapoport SI, Brady DR. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). CAS Nuclear pyknosis and capillary congestion are also observed. Neurobiol Learn Mem. The conclusions are shown in Table3. In long-term epidemiological investigations of large population with occupational exposure, the results have not been consistent. 2013;73:4737. 2004;23:20114. Is nuclear respiratory factor 2 a master transcriptional coordinator for all ten nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits in neurons? [84] and Sharma et al. Ongwijitwat S, Wong-Riley MT. [105] identified stable C-T mutation sites at 217 points by screening for SNPs in the GRIN2B promoter region in rats. Exp Neurobiol. Per the FDA, the microwave can heat human skin. Radiat Res. 2017;38:106976. radiations. 2012;62:22336. The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency. Zhang et al. Int J Radiat Biol. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. Szmigielski S. Cancer risks related to low-level RF/MW exposures, including cell phones. Xiong L, Sun CF, Zhang J, Gao YB, Wang LF, Zuo HY, et al. [83] found that long-term exposure to microwave radiation (typical mobile phone, at an SAR level range of 0.170.37W/kg for 3h daily for 8months, or wireless digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone (DECT) base at an SAR level range of 0.0120.028W/kg for 8h/d for 8months) induced the synthesis of 143 proteins, including some neuronal function-associated proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glial maturation factor (GMF), apolipo protein E, heat-shock protein, cytoskeletal proteins and some proteins that are associated with metabolism in the brain. CAS Dasdag et al. 2003;14:2436. Effects of fetal microwave radiation exposure on offspring behavior in mice. Ozben T. Oxidative stress and apoptosis: impact on cancer therapy. The strength of the electric field (rms value) at the sample position was 10V/m. 1988;9:33745. Microwaves are widely used in households, industry, communications, and medical and military buildings, and they provide substantial contributions to the development of human society. Google Scholar. 2007;27:6024. In 43% of devices, military personnel are not exposed to an electromagnetic field. [20] divided the radar workers into three sets: control group (n=68), exposure group I (n=40, exposed to 812GHz) and exposure group II (n=58, working with radar at 12.518.0GHz). Wang H, Peng R, Zhou H, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. PubMed Xu et al. Above all, because of biases and variations in investigation methods, no conclusive evidence has been presented that microwaves cause cancer. Behav Brain Res. Sci STKE. 2011;18:32533. Frequency Fields (RF) and Microwave Radiation on human health" by the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) from 2001, with respect . 2003;140:147. J Neuro-Oncol. 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