list of hanoi hilton prisoners

The POWs had a "first in, first out" interpretation of the Code of the U.S. Fighting Force, meaning they could only accept release in the order they had been captured, but making an exception for those seriously sick or badly injured. Last edited on 25 December 2022, at 21:17, U.S. prisoners of war during the Vietnam War, Learn how and when to remove this template message, In the Presence of Mine Enemies: 19651973 A Prisoner of War, "Former Vietnam POW recalls ordeal, fellowship", "He was a POW in Hanoi Hilton: How Mississippi man's 'tap code' helped them survive", "F-100 Pilot Hayden Lockhart The First USAF Vietnam POW", "Hoa Lo Prison Museum | Hanoi, Vietnam Attractions", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ha_L_Prison&oldid=1129517630, This page was last edited on 25 December 2022, at 21:17. Whitesides was killed, and Thompson was taken prisoner; he would ultimately spend just short of nine years in captivity, making him the longest-held POW in American history. The Hanoi prison is located at No.01, Hoa Lo, Hoan Kiem District, Hanoi, known as Hanoi Hilton Prison. The French called the prison "Maison Centrale" which was a common euphemism of prisons in France. Edward H., Navy, Coronado, Calif: MAYHEW, Lieut. I had reached mine. [27], Only part of the prison exists today as a museum. Dennis A., Marines, not named in previous lists. Directed by Lionel Chetwynd in 1987 with the stars of Michael Moriarty; Ken Wright, and Paul Le Mat; there is a film named The Hanoi Hilton. [10]:84 However, access to the former prisoners was screened carefully and most interviews and statements given by the men were remarkably similar, leading many journalists to believe that the American government and military had coached them beforehand. forces. "[14] Only a small number of exceptionally resilient prisoners, such as John A. Dramesi, survived captivity without ever cooperating with the enemy; others who refused to cooperate under any circumstances, such as Edwin Atterbury, were tortured to death. After Operation Homecoming, the U.S. still listed roughly 1,350 Americans as prisoners of war or missing in action and sought the return of roughly 1,200 Americans reported killed in action, but whose bodies were not recovered. Render, Navy, Lagrange, Ga., captured Februcry, 1966. Correspondingly, Richard Nixon and his administration began to focus on salvaging his presidency. Michael P., Navy, Berkeley, Calif. DAIGLE, Lieut. During his first four months in solitary confinement, Lt. Cmdr. Life in Prison at the Hanoi Hilton - Cush Travel Blog Individuals are permitted to take their own photographs or videos while touring the museum. [3] During the early part of Operation Homecoming, groups of POWs released were selected on the basis of longest length of time in prison. March 29, 1973. [19] As another POW later said, "To this day I get angry with myself. Together, these 11 men were the most unbreakable prisoners at the Hanoi Hilton. HALL, Lieut. In some cases, the names were not previously contained on lists of prisoners compiled from various sources. A handful of U.S. civilians were also held captive during the war. Comdr. They were finally free to put their enemies behind its bars, and American soldiers became their prime targets. Tames, Navy, Lakeland, Fla., captured October, 1965. Walking Tour of Hoa Lo Prison, Vietnam's Hanoi Hilton - TripSavvy Sen. John McCain, who died Saturday at the age of 81, was tortured and held captive for five and a half years as a prisoner of war during the Vietnam War, an experience that shaped the rest of. March 14, 1973. Comdr. During the Vietnam War, the North Vietnamese did the same to American soldiers. As a prisoner of war in the "Hanoi Hilton", navy pilot John McCain was known as uncompromising, frank and an avid reader who fiercely debated the war with his Vietnamese jailers. [7], Overall, Operation Homecoming did little to satisfy the American public's need for closure on the war in Vietnam. American POW soldiers inside their jail cell at the Hanoi Hilton prior to their release. It was introduced in June 1965 by four POWs held in the Ha L ("Hanoi Hilton") prison: Captain Carlyle "Smitty" Harris, Lieutenant Phillip Butler, Lieutenant Robert Peel, and Lieutenant Commander Robert Shumaker. In North Vietnam alone, more than a dozen prisons were scattered in and around the capital city of Hanoi. ESTES, Comdr. A portion of the original Hanoi Hilton prison has been transported and built in the museum. Edward D., Navy, Lemoore, Calif. EVERETT, Lieut, (jg.) Fifty-six commandos landed by helicopter and assaulted the prison, but the prisoners had been moved some months earlier and none were rescued. list of hanoi hilton prisoners - cannabiseye.com [15], The Ha L was one site used by the North Vietnamese Army to house, torture and interrogate captured servicemen, mostly American pilots shot down during bombing raids. [19] During 1969, they broadcast a series of statements from American prisoners that purported to support this notion. Cmdr., Richard R., Navy, Aberdeen, S. D., cap. The Horrifying Story Of Bobby Joe Long: From Classified Ad Rapist To Serial Killer, Larry Eyler Was Caught During His Murder Spree Then Released And Killed Dozens Of Young Men, What Stephen Hawking Thinks Threatens Humankind The Most, 27 Raw Images Of When Punk Ruled New York, Join The All That's Interesting Weekly Dispatch. These details are revealed in famous accounts by McCain (Faith of My Fathers), Denton, Alvarez, Day, Risner, Stockdale and dozens of others. Bruce R., Marines, Pensacola, Fla., captured March, 1968. But others were not so lucky. Henry D., Navy, identified on previous lists only as Carolina native, captured July 1972. See the article in its original context from. The Hanoi Hilton was depicted in the 1987 Hollywood movie The Hanoi Hilton. Prisoners were forced to sit in their own excrement. As of 26 July 2019 the Department of Defense's Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency listed 1,587 Americans as missing in the war of which 1,009 were classified as further pursuit, 90 deferred and 488 non-recoverable. The remaining 266 consisted of 138 United States Naval personnel, 77 soldiers serving in the United States Army, 26 United States Marines and 25 civilian employees of American government agencies. After the implementation of the 1973 Paris Peace Accords, neither the United States nor its allies ever formally charged North Vietnam with the war crimes revealed to have been committed there. Cmdr. (U.S. Air Force photo), DAYTON, Ohio - North Vietnamese uniform of the type worn by prison guards on display in the Return with Honor: American Prisoners of War in Southeast Asia exhibit in the Southeast Asia War Gallery at the National Museum of the U.S. Air Force. The first fighter pilot captured in North Vietnam was Navy Lieutenant (junior grade) Everett Alvarez, Jr., who was shot down on August 5, 1964, in the aftermath of the Gulf of Tonkin incident.[3]. The filthy, infested prison compound contained several buildings, each given nicknames such as "Heartbreak Hotel," "New Guy Village" and "Little Vegas" by POWs. A majority of the prisoners were held at camps in North Vietnam, however some POWs were held in at various locations throughout Southeast Asia. . Day's actions from 26 August 1967 through 14 March 1973 were the last to earn the Medal of Honor prior to the end of U.S. involvement in the war on 30 April 1975, though some honorees (e.g. But we did the best we could. David Hume Kennerly/Getty ImagesAmerican POW soldiers line up at the Hanoi Hilton prior to their release. Comdr, Earl G., Jr., Navy, San Diego. Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil. When expanded it provides a list of search options that will switch the search inputs to match the current selection. The POWs held at the Hanoi Hilton were to deny early release because the communist government of North Vietnam could possibly use this tactic as propaganda or as a . Topics included a wide range of inquiries about sadistic guards, secret communication codes among the prisoners, testimonials of faith, and debates over celebrities and controversial figures. WIDEMAN, Lieut. At the same time, the Defense Department began releasing, in batches, the names of the military prisoners in Communist hands who were on the list turned over in Paris along with the civilians. And that is where forgiveness comes in. For those locked inside the Hanoi Hilton, this meant years of daily torture and abuse. This would go on for hours, sometimes even days on end.. On February 12, 1973, three C-141 transports flew to Hanoi, North Vietnam, and one C-9A aircraft was sent to Saigon, South Vietnam to pick up released prisoners of war. The men followed orders, but with the stipulation that no photographs were to be taken of them. During the Vietnam War, the North Vietnamese did the same to American soldiers. James J. Jr., Marines, not named in previous lists. American POWs gave them nicknames: Alcatraz, Briarpatch, Dirty Bird, the Hanoi Hilton, the Zoo. But at the same time the bonds of friendship and love for my fellow prisoners will be the most enduring memory of my five and a half years of incarceration.. Ha L Prison - Wikipedia list of hanoi hilton prisonersearthquake today in germany. [11] Rather, it was to break the will of the prisoners, both individually and as a group. On January 27, 1973, Henry Kissinger (then assistant to President Richard Nixon for national security affairs) agreed to a ceasefire with representatives of North Vietnam that provided for the withdrawal of American military forces from South Vietnam. In the North Vietnamese city of Hanoi, hundreds of American soldiers were captured and kept prisoner in the Ha L prison, which the Americans ironically dubbed the "Hanoi Hilton." The march soon deteriorated into near riot conditions, with North Vietnamese civilians beating the POWs along the 2 miles (3.2km) route and their guards largely unable to restrain the attacks. EASTMAN, Comdr. HUTTON, Comdr. Hanoi Hilton The Most Horrifying POW Camp of The Vietnam War? "Vietnam War Accounting History". Hao Lo Prison - a walking experience of suffering past During the French colonial period, Vietnamese prisoners were detained and tortured at the Ha L prison. Alan J., Marines, not named in previous lists. They cut my flight suit off of me when I was taken into the prison, McCain said. As many as 114 American POWs died in captivity during the Vietnam War, many within the unforgiving walls of the Hanoi Hotel. KNUTSON, Lieut. A total of 69 POWs were held in South Vietnam by the VC and would eventually leave the country aboard flights from Loc Ninh, while only nine POWs were released from Laos, as well as an additional three from China. ddd hoa lo prison historic site hell on earth background: in the last decades of the 19 th century, hanoi had dramatically transformed the situation due to the William M., Navy, Center Hill, Fla. HICKERSON, Comdr. During his time at the Hanoi Hilton, McCains hair turned completely white. An affecting and powerful drama about the experiences of POW's trying to survive a brutal Hanoi prison camp in the midst of the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War - known in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America - lasted from November 1, 1955, until the fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975. Locations of POW camps in North Vietnam . WHEAT, Lieut. Robert H. Navy Wilmington, Del., and Montclair, N. J., captured August, 1965. [25], Nevertheless, by 1971, some 3050percent of the POWs had become disillusioned about the war, both because of the apparent lack of military progress and what they heard of the growing anti-war movement in the U.S. and some of them were less reluctant to make propaganda statements for the North Vietnamese. Another State Department officer on the captured list was Douglas K. Ramsey, 38, who was captured on Jan. 17, 1966, in Haung Hia, South Vietnam. SERE instructor. American POW soldiers line up at the Hanoi Hilton prior to their release. "People & Events: The Hanoi March", PBS American Experience. Senator John McCain tops our list. The rest became a museum called the Ha L Prison Memorial. BROWN, Capt. * Firearms, to include conceal carry and other dangerous weapons, are specifically prohibited in Federal facilities in accordance with 18 USC 930 (c) U.S. prisoners of war during the Vietnam War. Cmdr. In addition, Ha L was depicted in the 1987 Hollywood movie The Hanoi Hilton. In the 2000s, the Vietnamese government has held the position that claims that prisoners were tortured during the war are fabricated, but that Vietnam wants to move past the issue as part of establishing better relations with the U.S.[35] Bi Tn, a North Vietnamese Army colonel-later turned dissident and exile, who believed that the cause behind the war had been just but that the country's political system had lost its way after reunification,[36] maintained in 2000 that no torture had occurred in the POW camps. Those listed as having died in captivity include the following: Gustav Hertz, Joseph Grainger, John S. Henry, Daniel L. Niehouse, Tanos E. Kalil, Henry F. Blood, and Betty Olsen. BRADY, Capt. Comdr. Two months later, in what became known as the Hanoi March, 52 American prisoners of war were paraded through the streets of Hanoi before thousands of North Vietnamese civilians. As Cmdr. In the Hanoi Hilton, POWs were treated poorly, beaten and . Meanwhile, Paul was taken prisoner, tortured, placed in solitary confinement in what became known as the "Hanoi Hilton" and fed a diet that was later determined to be about 700 calories a day, which caused him to drop to about 100 pounds. Please note the National Museum of the U.S. Air Force is not responsible for items left in vehicles. [11] Such POW statements would be viewed as a propaganda victory in the battle to sway world and U.S. domestic opinion against the U.S. war effort. GOODERMOTE, Lieut. I thought perhaps I was going to die, said John McCain in this 1999 interview on his time at the Hanoi Hilton. Hoa Lo Prison, more popularly known as the "Hanoi Hilton", is a museum near the French Quarter of Hanoi, Vietnam. Kittinger served as a fighter pilot during the Vietnam War, and he achieved an aerial kill of a North Vietnamese MiG-21 jet fighter and was later, James Robinson "Robbie" Risner (January 16, 1925 October 22, 2013) was a general and a fighter pilot in the United States Air Force. Congratulations, men, we just left North Vietnam,' former POW David Gray recalled his pilot saying. "[19], The North Vietnamese occasionally released prisoners for propaganda or other purposes. As of 2016, he is the only person to be awarded both the Medal of Honor and Air Force Cross. But you first must take physical torture. Izvestia, a Soviet newspaper, accused The Pentagon of brainwashing the men involved in order to use them as propaganda, while some Americans claimed the POWs were collaborating with the communists or had not done enough to resist pressure to divulge information under torture. For the 1987 film, see, (later Navy Rear Admiral Robert H. Shumaker). PDF US Prisoners of War who returned alive from the Vietnam War - DPAA The French called the prison Maison Centrale,[1] 'Central House', which is still the designation of prisons for dangerous or long sentence detainees in France. U.S. prisoners of war during the Vietnam War - Wikipedia The prison was demolished in the 90s and is now the site of a historical museum. To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not alter, edit or update them. "It's easy to die but hard to live," a prison guard told one new arrival, "and we'll show you just how hard it is to live." Constitution Avenue, NW COLLINS, Major Thomas Edward, Air Force, Jackson, Mississippi, captured Oct. 1965. Whats more, the museum displays a flight suit and parachute labeled as belonging to McCain, from when he was shot down over Hanoi except theyre fake. [We realize], over time, that we all fall short of what we aspire to be. Mr. Sieverts said that Hanoi, when turning over its list in Paris, said it was complete, but the United States informed North Vietnamese officials that we reserve the right to study it and raise questions.. DAVIES, Capt. [8], U.S. prisoners of war in North Vietnam were subjected to extreme torture and malnutrition during their captivity. [14], Beginning in October 1969, the torture regime suddenly abated to a great extent, and life for the prisoners became less severe and generally more tolerable. - Water bottles (clear, sealed bottle, up to 20 oz.) [1], The central urban location of the prison also became part of its early character. [16] As John McCain later wrote of finally being forced to make an anti-American statement: "I had learned what we all learned over there: Every man has his breaking point. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}21131N 1055047E / 21.02528N 105.84639E / 21.02528; 105.84639. (U.S. Air Force photo), DAYTON, Ohio - Typical bowls, plate and spoons issued to POWs. Travel information of Hanoi Hoa Lo prison - "Hanoi Hilton" in war Among those acknowledged as prisoners in South Vietnam were Michael D. Ebge, Norman T. Brookens, and Richard W. Utecht, who worked for the Agency for International Development and were captured during the Tet offensive of 1968. On January 27, 1973, the Paris Peace Accords were signed, officially bringing to an end the American war in Vietnam. Synonymous in the U.S. with torture of American pilots captured during the Vietnam War . Joseph C., Navy, Prairie Village, Kan. POLFISR, Comdr. [29], Of the 13 prisons used to incarcerate POWs, five were located in Hanoi, and the remainder were situated outside the city.[31]. Edward, Air Force, Harrison, N. Y., Quincy, Mass., captured Oct. 1965. [6][7], Following the defeat at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu and the 1954 Geneva Accords the French left Hanoi and the prison came under the authority of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. Local Virginia Veteran - POW Story Freedom Museum The former prisoners were to then be flown to Clark Air Base in the Philippines where they were to be processed at a reception center, debriefed, and receive a physical examination. NORRINGTON, Lieut. Usaf/Getty ImagesJohn McCain, leads a column of POWs released from the Hanoi Hilton, awaiting transportation to Gia Lam Airport. - Backpacks Among the last inmates was dissident poet Nguyn Ch Thin, who was reimprisoned in 1979 after attempting to deliver his poems to the British Embassy, and spent the next six years in Ha L until 1985 when he was transferred to a more modern prison. He flew a combined 163 combat, The Most Influential Contemporary Americans, Every Person Who Has Hosted 'Saturday Night Live', The Best People Who Hosted SNL In The '00s. The rule entailed that the prisoners would return home in the order that they were shot down and captured. It was directed by Lionel Chetwynd, and stars Michael Moriarty, Ken Wright and Paul Le Mat.Music was done by Jimmy Webb.. - Alcohol Its easy to die but hard to live, a prison guard told one new arrival, and well show you just how hard it is to live.. Hanoi's list of Americans in captivity is as follows: Clodeon Adkins, Michael D. Benge, Norman J. Brookens, Frank E. Cins, Gary L. Davos, John J. Fritz Jr., Theodore W. Gosta, William H. Hardy, Alexander Henderson, Mihcael H. Kjome, Philip W. Manhard, Lewis E. Mayer, James A. Newingham, Robert F. Olsen, Russell J. [37] Tin stated that there were "a few physical hits like a slap across the face, or threats, in order to obtain the specific confessions," and that the worst that especially resistant prisoners such as Stockdale and Jeremiah Denton encountered was being confined to small cells. Occasionally the digitization process introduces transcription errors or other problems; we are continuing to work to improve these archived versions. The "Hanoi Hilton" and Other Prisons. In the 2000s, the Vietnamese government has had the position that claims that prisoners were tortured at Ha L and other sites during the war are fabricated, but that Vietnam wants to move past the issue as part of establishing better relations with the U.S.[24] Tran Trong Duyet, a jailer at Ha L beginning in 1968 and its commandant for the last three years of the war, maintained in 2008 that no prisoners were tortured. [7] During periods of protracted isolation the tap code facilitated elaborate mental projects to keep the prisoners' sanity. troops. Knives and forks were not provided. [11][13] The goal of the North Vietnamese was to get written or recorded statements from the prisoners that criticized U.S. conduct of the war and praised how the North Vietnamese treated them. Dismiss . Jeremiah A. Jr., Navy, Virginia Beach, Va. and Mobile, Ala., captured December 1965. Now he says when he hears Marie Osmond . The first flight of 40 U.S. prisoners of war left Hanoi in a C-141A, which later became known as the "Hanoi Taxi" and is now in a museum. The prison continued to be in use after the release of the American prisoners. Many of the returned POWs struggled to become reintegrated with their families and the new American culture as they had been held in captivity for between a year to almost ten years. His right knee and arms were broken in the crash, but he was denied medical care until the North Vietnamese government discovered that his father was a U.S. Navy admiral. [10] The prison complex was sarcastically nicknamed the "Hanoi Hilton" by the American POWs, in reference to the well-known Hilton Hotel chain. (U.S. Air Force photo). [citation needed] Mistreatment of Viet Cong and North Vietnamese prisoners and South Vietnamese dissidents in South Vietnam's prisons was indeed frequent, as was North Vietnamese abuse of South Vietnamese prisoners and their own dissidents. The most notorious POW camp was Hoa Lo Prison, known to Americans as the "Hanoi Hilton." Some of the repatriated soldiers, including Borling and John McCain, did not retire from the military, but instead decided to further their careers in the armed forces.[6]. Dismiss. CRAYTON, Cmdr. Roger G., Navy, not in previous public lists. On a scrap of toilet paper that he hid in the wall by the toilets, he wrote, Welcome to the Hanoi Hilton. John B Navy, Lemoore, Calif. METZGER, Lieut. BALDOCK, Lieut. This was one of many ways POWs figured out how to communicate. FRIESE, Capt. Hundreds were tortured there with meat hooks and iron chains including John McCain. All visitors may be screened with a metal detector upon entry. Joseph E., Navy, Washington, D.C., caplured in Spring 1972. TELLIER, Sgt. MILLER, Lieu, Edwin F., Navy, Franklin Lakes, N. J. MOBLEY, Lieut, Joseph S., Navy, Manhattan Beach, Calif. MOLINARE, Lieut. He became a naval aviator and flew ground-attack aircraft from aircraft carriers. WALSH, Capt. MARTIN, Comdr. One of the prerequisites for and provisions of the accords was the return of all U.S. prisoners of war (POWs). List of Last Known Alive - P.O.W. Network Lawrence Victor, Marines, Huron, S. D. MARVEL, Lieut, Col. Jerry Wen. - Coolers John McCain, leads a column of POWs released from the Hanoi Hilton, awaiting transportation to Gia Lam Airport. What It Was Like for Soldiers to Return Home, Basic and Advanced Training for the Troops, John Sidney McCain III (August 29, 1936 August 25, 2018) was an American politician and military officer, who served as a United States senator from Arizona from January 1987 until his death. Indeed, a considerable literature emerged from released POWs after repatriation, depicting Hoa Lo and the other prisons as places where such atrocities as murder; beatings; broken bones, teeth and eardrums; dislocated limbs; starvation; serving of food contaminated with human and animal feces; and medical neglect of infections and tropical disease occurred. But McCain, for one, still came to terms with his time at the horrific Hanoi Hilton. Throughout the conflict period, the North Vietnamese had established at least thirteen prisons and prison camps (mostly located near Hanoi) to detain its American POWs, the most notoriously. The Hanoi Hilton is a 1987 Vietnam War film which focuses on the experiences of American prisoners of war who were held in the infamous Hoa Lo Prison in Hanoi during the 1960s and 1970s and the story is told from their perspectives. Despite the endless torture, the American soldiers stayed strong the only way they knew how: camaraderie. An official website of the United States government, National Museum of the United States Air Force. Comdr. ANZALDUA, Sgt. Douglas Brent Hegdahl III (born September 3, 1946) is a former United States Navy Petty Officer 2nd Class (E-5) who was held as a prisoner of war during the Vietnam War. It was first built in the late 1890s by Vietnam's French colonizers as a central prison (Maison Centrale) for Vietnamese criminals. [10]:79 No matter the opinion of the public, the media became infatuated with the men returned in Operation Homecoming who were bombarded with questions concerning life in the VC and PAVN prison camps. ARCHER, Capt. [14]:500 The joy brought by the repatriation of the 591 Americans did not last for long due to other major news stories and events. Charles R., Navy, Miramar, Calif. HAINES, Comdr. Hoa Lo Prison Museum - "The Hanoi Hilton" - Vietnam Travel [5], Conditions for political prisoners in the "Colonial Bastille" were publicised in 1929 in a widely circulated account by the Trotskyist Phan Van Hum of the experience he shared with the charismatic publicist Nguyen An Ninh. Notorious Hanoi prison held both Vietnamese and American prisoners By Michael Aquino Updated on 02/21/21 Prisoner diorama at Hoa Lo Prison ("Hanoi Hilton") in Vietnam. This Pentagon . The Hoa Lo Prison in Hanoi, Vietnam, was dubbed the "Hanoi Hilton" by American prisoners of war (POWs). The "Hanoi Hilton" and Other Prisons > National Museum of the United During the Vietnam War, he almost died in the 1967 USS Forrestal fire. en-route to Hanoi. This is a digitized version of an article from The Timess print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. While on a bombing mission during, James Bond Stockdale (December 23, 1923 July 5, 2005) was a United States Navy vice admiral and aviator awarded the Medal of Honor in the Vietnam War, during which he was a prisoner of war for over seven years. Cmdr., Robert J., Navy, Sheldon, Iowa, captured May 1967. ALVAREZ, Lieut. At the end of the war, these soldiers were finally freed from their own personal hell, many of them including the late Arizona Senator John McCain going on to become prominent politicians and public figures. In 1967, McCain joined the prisoners at the Hanoi Hilton after his plane was shot down. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. Prisoners were variously isolated, starved, beaten, tortured, and paraded in anti-American propaganda. - Firearms* March 29, 1973. [29] The old-time POWs cheered even more during the intense "Christmas Bombing" campaign of December 1972,[29][30] when Hanoi was subjected for the first time to repeated B-52 Stratofortress raids. This, of course, earned him additional torture. Comdr. Hanoi Hilton: North Vietnam's Torture Chamber For American POWs

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