A cut can cause external and internal bleeding. The bioarchaeology of crucifixion is therefore a bit of a conundrum: it makes sense that finding evidence may be difficult because of the ravages of time on bones and wooden crosses, but the sheer volume of people killed in this way over centuries should have given us more direct evidence of the practice. (Public domain image by S. Rubn Betanzo via wikimedia commons. A scientific inclusion/exclusion of the dog involved is possible and also recommended because of the possible serious criminal, legal, and/or financial consequences for the owner of the animal. His skeleton points to moderate muscular activity, but there was no indication that he was engaged in manual labor. A puncture wound is a deep wound caused by something sharp and pointed, like a nail. The Romans practiced crucifixion literally, fixed to a cross for nearly a millennium. These observations can provide some insight into the warning signs of dog attacks.5, Strategies for prevention and risk mitigation, Severe dog attacks are a probable product of many factors not only animal related but also victim related.2,5,14 A public health program that aimed at reducing these incidents could be directed to both of them, but the major strategy has been the promotion of a breed-specific legislation (BSL).1,13,44,45 BSL typically prohibits the breeding and ownership of certain breeds or types of dogs categorized as dangerous or aggressive, which is based on attack records or aggressive potential.46 However, any dog can be prepared for attack and a precise determination of breed may not be posible.8,13 Obtaining a honest attack record is difficult due to scarce data on the reference population, incomplete breed registration, incorrect breed identification, the number of nonpurebred dogs, and the narrow scope of relevant studies.6,14,46 Moreover, while BSL is rarely based on such records,46 periodically there are reports of other breeds responsible for maulings and deaths.4 Saint Bernard, Great Dane, Golden Retriever, Collie, Labrador Retriever, Dachshund, and Yorkshire Terrier are not aggressive breeds, but they have mauled persons to death on occasion.14 Great Danes caused the most reported human dog bite-related fatalities between 1997 and 1998 in the United States, and since 1975, dogs belonging to >30 breeds have been responsible for fatal attacks on people.14 Cornelissen and Hopster affirmed that all dogs can bite and therefore one should always be careful when interacting with a dog, even a family dog and during play. Hematoma - a blood-filled area that develops under the skin or tissue (occurring when there is internal blood vessel damage to an . Cover the puncture wound with a bandage. Int J Legal Med. Cuts and scrapes, Mayo Clinic Staff. Puncture wounds are not the same as cuts. In 1992, Opeskin and Lee reported a case of a man who died from blunt throat trauma consistent with infliction by the head of a Greyhound dog.36 The key was the identification of an unprovoked and aggressive attitude toward the victim, and the resulting attack with fatal consequences. Jarrett P. Which dogs bite? Immobilize the limb but do NOT restrict blood flow unless you are . Furrows are deep channel-like grooves found along the length of the long bones such as the femur and are caused by the molars and premolars. After the bones were conserved, however, Haas noticed new evidence and suggested instead that the feet were next to one another, and one nail was driven into both heels. Of course, the most interesting feature of Yehohanans skeleton is his feet. J Forensic Sci. 2002;74:1229012292. 2002;116(5):295300. The other two dogs had missing or worn teeth.16, In a similar case, Pomara et al reported the fatal dog pack attack of an 83-year-old woman found unconscious outside her farm where she lived with 27 dogs.6 The victim was unsuccessfully treated at the emergency department in the nearest hospital. Furthermore, the sequence of consumption and disarticulation of human bodies is relatively constant and recognized: feeding usually begins at the face and neck and then moves to the thorax. To care for the wound: Stop the wound from bleeding by applying direct pressure with a clean, dry cloth. Specific patterns of canine scavenging in indoor settings. (a) two ideal 6.0-V batteries in series wired to a capacitor followed by a resistor; (b) two ideal 12.0-V batteries in parallel, connected as a unit to two resistors in series with one another; (c) a nonideal battery (one with internal resistance) wired to two capacitors that are in parallel with each other, followed by two resistors in series with one another. 2015;60(2):495500. Severity of injuries depends on multiple factors, including the type of weapon and bullet and the affected body area. Infected people may suffer from fever and flu-like symptoms and . ice pick, knives, axes, meat cleavers), Force delivered over a wide area; caused by anything other than a cutting or chopping instrument, 1) Blunt; 2) Sharp; 3) Projectile; and 4) Miscellaneous, Injury caused by that has a wide area of impact on bone, Compression, Bending; Shearing (occasionally), Discontinuity and fracture lines; simple and comminuted fractures; caused by any hard surfact, Usually caused by cutting and chopping instruments; Dismemberment and animal scavenging; When force applied perpendicular and down - puncture wounds; usually infractions, Complete discontinuities with displacement and fracture lines; bullets, arrows, and spears, Dynamic speed of force for projectile trauma, Anything that is not blunt, sharp, or projectile; strangulations, burns, chemicals, explosions, heat, 1) Antemortem; 2) Perimortem; 3) Postmortem, Trauma already starting to heal; porosity; rounding of edges; presence of callus, Will not exhibit signs of healing; can have green bone response, 1) Sharp edges; 2) Hinging; 3) Formation of fracture lines; 4 ) Broken ends with angled jagged surface 5) staining from hematoma, Between time of death and discovery of body. [6] Take over-the-counter pain relievers (acetaminophen) or anti-inflammatories (ibuprofen) as needed. Pathology Outlines - Gunshot wounds But theres only one, single bony example of Roman crucifixion, and even that is still heavily debated by experts. Gunn A. When a dog spends a long time in chewing a bone, it turns it over and over resulting in a mass of grooves and pits from which it is difficult to discern individual tooth marks.12,25,28 Tokdemir et al stated that the impact of animal intervention on the establishment of the time of death should be calculated by taking all adverse conditions into consideration including rate of the decomposition process of the corpse, and the presence of bugs and larvae around the dead body.19, Given that any of the suspected dogs found at the scene could be involved, all of them should be examined whenever possible.8 Veterinary assistance will be necessary to examine for illness, estrus, or evidence of recent pregnancy.13 Detailed pictures and body schemas of the dogs as well as photographs of neck braces, scars, and evidence of prior veterinary treatment are useful to identify a potential dog and its owner. Other times cats will let their teeth do the talking, inflicting a quick but nasty bite on their unhappy targets. (b) yellow marrow. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2011:209216. What is a Puncture? - Definition from Safeopedia Put on a dry, sterile bandage. This is especially true if a bite or a rusty object caused the wound. Aside from the risk to vital organs or major blood vessels, the fast, spinning movement of the bullet may cause serious damage to the surrounding tissue it passes through. Curiously, it is common for dogs to have an attitude of timidity and apprehension when researchers approach and examine them.5,7,13,17, Fonseca and Palacios mentioned that while the cause of death may be readily apparent in cases of a fatal dog attack, an understanding of how and why the attack occurred requires a complete investigation and postmortem scavenging should be excluded.17 This particular pattern of behavior can occur whenever the body is accessible to animals.12 There is a preference for visible parts of the body, and self-defense injuries are absent if the victim died from other causes.13,17 The following three main consequences may be linked to scavenging: the lesions can mimic or cover antemortem injuries, make impossible the identification of the victim, and modify substantially the scene.12. stab wounds :: www.forensicmed.co.uk Forensic Sci Int. Why did the murderer move the body to the V.A. Since the back is a relatively flat surface, the animal cannot open its jaw sufficiently wide to contact the canines with the skin. (Image used with kind permission of Joe Zias. Consequently, the surrounding bloodstains would be distinct from the spatter emanating from a living person.28 A common situation of dog scavenging in indoor interferences is presented in Diogenes syndrome. Energy is lost and the fracture line stops; helps to determine sequence of breaks in bones when there is multiple fractures, Breaks that occur in bones that are weakened by disease, intermittent stress over long periods of time (dowagers hump), Blood clotting in damaged area stablizes the broken bone pieces; stimulates osteogenic layer to produce connective fibers to span broken surfaces, New veins and connective tissue will form; sharp broken bone will round due to resorption; fibrous bones forms; then woven bone forms and replaces fibrous bone; callus forms, Visible raised, irregular area; forms 6 weeks after injury; can be visible for years or be resorbed leaving no indication, 1) Tension; 2) Compression; 3) Torsion; 4) Shearing; and 5) Bending, Force pulls on bone; common in dislocations; usually along long axis, Force pushes down on bone; commonly found in skull; complete or incomplete fracture; numerous and wide reaching fracture lines; shape of weapon leaves mark on bone, Twisting; spiral fracture; one end of bone held stationary while other end is twisted; common in long bones; skiing accidents and child abuse, Force impacts bone at right angle to long axis of bone; discontinuity common but few fracture lines; may cause butterfly fracture; adults complete fracture common; subadults incomplete fractures (greenstick). Since it was done to thousands of people and involved nails,youd probably assume we have skeletal evidence of crucifixion. 2010;31(2):198199. Antemortem injuries may also provide alternative access points for animals. What caused the puncture marks on the victim's bones? Neck wounds are usually slanted perpendicularly to the neck and positioned in an anteroposterior direction. this site will not function whilst javascript is disabled. A puncture is a small hole caused by a long, pointy object, such as a nail or needle. Where researchers disagree pretty significantly is in the method of crucifixion of Yehohanan. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2011:217240. A team approach provides the best opportunity for thorough documentation of circumstance, scene analysis, and proper photographic documentation.1 In dog bite cases, the court may ask an expert to identify which specific animal caused the wounds or the fatal bite to hold responsible the proprietor of the animal.8 Bite mark analysis is a delicate commission, and well-qualified experts have differing opinions about the interpretation and use of this type of evidence.2,4 The forensic evaluation of a dog attack needs an integrated approach by a forensic pathologist with a forensic veterinary involving a review of the circumstances of death, death scene examination, and autopsy examination of the corpse. 3.Why was the irregular shape to the sternum of the two victims significant in the case. J Forensic Sci. The evidence was not preserved, the appropriate experts were not asked for a timely evaluation, and finally, the prosecutors office and experts were sued for malicious prosecution, false imprisonment, and gross negligence.1, The domestic dog accounts for the majority of deaths caused by animal attacks, but a variety of animals can leave similar patterns of damage. If you notice debris embedded into the puncture wound, dont try to remove it. A report into the claims made by the victims stated: "The beam was about seven or eight centimetres in diameter and white in colour. Determined by Pathologist only. 5 More Reasons Why a Wampyr Didn't Walk in Highgate Cemetery razor cuts. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. Learn how we can help. Note this was caused by a fist. molded impression. Figure 5 Fatal attack on a mentally disabled 43-year-old man.Notes: A forensic odontologist and a carnivore biologist established categorically the diagnosis of a dog pack attack when the initial hypothesis of predation either by a very large dog or a cougar was made by the local authorities. 2012;126(3):441446. Calcaneal osteomyelitis caused by nail puncture wounds Puncture wounds are prone to infection, and the risk of infection is even greater if the injury was caused by a dog bite. [29] Select an answer and submit. A cut (also called a laceration) is a tear or opening in the skin caused by an external injury. 7. For the most part, crucifixion involved soft tissue injuries that cant be seen on bone. Available from: http://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2002-6016. They are long, slightly serrated and sharp, and they are used to stab and tear and produce puncture wounds. A pitch fork caused the marks in the victim 's bones . 2nd ed. Apply gentle pressure with a clean bandage or cloth. Surfaces that are no longer continuous and no longer meet or meet at an unnatural angle. The most common causes of cuts and puncture wounds are external injuries that break or tear the skin. Many people accidentally get puncture wounds with household or work items, yard tools, or when operating machinery. All the evidence must be stored, and all actions must be documented. How did the scientists determine that there was a second victim? Public Health Rep. 1983;98(1):5766. Clean the wound. Image courtesy of forensic veterinary Noemi Friedrich, BVSc, and of the Laboratory of Forensic Dentistry, Cordoba, Argentina. The flailing of limbs, rapid movements, high-pitched cries, and attempts at defense can increase the intensity of the attacks. Current Concepts In Treating Puncture Wounds Severe dog-bite injuries, introducing the concept of pack attack: a literature review and seven case reports. Skeletal bones store lipids as energy reserves in areas of Note the V-shaped holes with irregular and wrinkled borders. Singapore: Wiley-Blackwell; 2009. Only if there are multiple points of similarity with no unjustifiable inconsistencies between the dentition of the dog and the bite mark, the conclusion of a match with a high degree of probability can be arrived.8, Souviron is emphatic when he stated, consultation with veterinarians, wildlife officers, forensic pathologists, odontologists, and anthropologists might prevent, reduce or correct misinterpretation of animal bites. But the media seems to be indifferent (and certainly negligent) on this point. In a sharp force penetrating injury caused by a knife, what can be learned from the wound is directionality, force, blade width, and depth. 2011;206(13):e37e42. A scientific inclusion/exclusion of the dog involved is possible and also recommended because of the possible consequences for the owner of the animal. Puncture wounds: First aid. The force of impact is concentrated at the tip of the implement, and the sharper the tip, the easier . Puncture Wounds - Alberta What Is Crepitus? - Definition & Treatment | Study.com Puncture Wounds From Dog Bites Can Have Serious Side Effects - Edgar Snyder B. Serious and infected wounds may require first aid . Exsanguination due to brachial artery laceration subsequent to multiple dog bites was indicated as the main cause of death. It looks like nothing was found at this location. Common in broken arms, Breaks that result in multiple bone fragments; common in violent deaths, Disperse outward like an irregular sunburst from area of impact, Concentric rings around area of impact; common in high velocity projectile wounds. They were captured, anesthetized, and photographed, and then dental impressions of each dog were taken. Bone Fractures: Types, Symptoms & Treatment - Cleveland Clinic Both experts clarified that although the evidence in this particular case was sufficiently categorical to establish the animal species that produced the fatal attack, the poorly processed scene and the lack of complete information of the autopsy were completely irregular and could lead to wrong conclusions (the preliminary hypothesis considered that the attack was produced by a cougar or a big dog).17. The authors mentioned that it is fundamental that appropriate standards must be followed from the beginning, and a computer-generated 3D analysis does not lead to a higher degree of positiveness in determined cases. Koszyca B, Gilbert JD, Byard RW. 6. Consent to give first aid must be obtained from every victim who is: All of the above. Small dogs and larger dogs can be discriminated according to the intercanine distance.8 In cases of only bone remains with deep bites, the most accurate point to measure is the mesial bone height.32 The inclusion of a metric reference in the photographs will allow metric evaluations and calibrations by using an appropriate software.3,8 Bernitz et al suggest to avoid the problem posed by the length of the canines in the match of the dogs teeth with the cast of the bite mark, by lengthening and shortening their indentations in both duplicate models of the bite to correspond them when analysis is performed. They are small and run quickly mimicking small prey, and they are usually unable to escape from a mauling dog. The claw marks on the skin of the victim will be reflection both length and sharpness of the dog claws, and they will be affected by the surfaces walked by the dog, its size, and its breed.8. 2014;83(6):12451247. 2014;10(3):401412. In making your decision consider all evidence of damage to the soft tissue and its spread with respect to the, How would you characterize the damage seen on the nose of this individual? After an accident, quickly clear away debris, such as broken glass. Beck J, Ostericher I, Sollish G, De Leon J. Examination of a Punctured wound from a Medicolegal standpoint 3. Several features of ), Crosses at sunset. Thus, the potential for wrongly identifying a dog may result in a dog being held within kennels for long periods or a breed/type being overrepresented in incident reports.44 BSLs do not address the fact that a dog of any breed can become dangerous when bred or trained to be aggressive.14 A change in the current regulations would prevent dogs that are not dangerous but may belong to a specific breed/type from spending long periods in kennels.44 An alternative to BSL is to regulate individual dogs and owners on the basis of their behavior.14 Most of the responsibility for such attacks lies with the dog owner.7 In terms of some legislatures, a person who keeps or controls an animal in his own interest is liable without fault because he/she creates an increased risk of harm to the community.8 Generic nonbreed-specific dangerous dog laws can be enacted that place primary responsibility for a dogs behavior on the owner, regardless of the dogs breed. Are Aliens Tracking Abductees With Implants? - UFO Insight Without a nail in place, it becomes more difficult to tell crucifixion from animal scavengers puncture marks. J Anim Ecol. Forensic Sci Int. 67 Synonyms & Antonyms of PUNCTURE - Merriam-Webster [29] Select an answer and submit. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms. Metric records of all canine jaws and descriptions of dental patterns were recorded and compared with the wound samples; seven dogs were convincingly suspected to be responsible for the mauling. Without a nail in place, it becomes more difficult to tell crucifixion from animal scavengers' puncture marks. Consider the extent of secondary fracturing with respect to where on the bone this is located. Bitemark Evidence: A Color Atlas and Text. In some cases, puncture wounds can be excised.8, A forensic approach to a suspected fatal dog attack should include not only the detailed exploration of the victim and the dog but also the appropriate assessment of the scene. Burnadean Jones. Man has been transformed into prey, and the animal into hunter, and several factors have been described as contributors of this atavistic relationship. A healthcare professional has 100 cc of a 2% solution. The authors provide a possible explanation in which the pet tried to help him first by licking or nudging, but when this failed to produce any results, the behavior of the animal became confused and feared leading to biting.30 This displacement behavior of animals trying to revive their owners and the shift in the humandog hierarchy (explained by the unusual mutilations emasculation or decapitation) are reasonable theories supported by some reported cases.12,25, When the dog is directly responsible for the death, the considerations are quite different. Number 3099067. But Seneca, the Roman philosopher, wrote in 40AD that the process of crucifying someone varied greatly: I see crosses there, not just of one kind but made in different ways: some have their victims with their head down to the ground, some impale their private parts, others stretch out their arms.. To hasten death, the victim sometimes had his legs broken (crurifragium); the resulting compound fracture of the shin bones may have resulted in hemorrhage and fat embolisms, not to mention significant pain, causing earlier death. The second, third, and fourth premolars are separated and become increasingly larger. Bones - Episode 4, Season 3 "The Secret in the Soil". a rash with bumps, red spots with a "halo," and swelling around the bite . A perfect code is perfect because no bit errors will occur during transmission. He presented a wide wound in the face, especially on the left side including the neck. 2010;54(3):726745. The forensic evaluation of these death cases is often difficult because of the state of disrepair of the victims house and the frequent presence of pet dogs (Figure 2). Accessed July 7, 2015. The participation of all forensic investigators in all procedures could strengthen the trace recovery rates thus avoiding mistaken opinions.13,17,20, It is not a minor problem to discriminate bite marks from other traumas.19 Souviron1 refers to an interesting case in which the wounds of a 7-year-old girl who was found dead and mutilated were misdiagnosed as stab wounds created by knives and/or scissors. The animals were confined for ~4 weeks and all their food had been consumed. The skin may be tender, feel flushed, or have fang marks in the affected area. Animal attack injuries: fatal and non fatal. Wounds are licked in many cases and may take on a very bright and polished aspect.12,13 This pattern is accompanied by skin abrasions and superficial linear abrasions arranged parallel corresponding to claw marks, and usually present in the contour of the bite.13,16,17 There is a paucity of literature on the individualization of dog bite marks, discriminating bite marks from claw marks and their procedures.8 Bite wounds sometimes indicate characteristic tooth marks, whereas claw scratches can indicate paw size.
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