Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. One of the tools they used to stay in power was a very strict restriction on trade. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." "Broken Passage to the Summit: Nayanchengs Botched Mission in the White Lotus War." The rebellion was started by some elements of the millenarian Tianli Sect () or Heavenly Principle Sect, which was a branch of the White Lotus Sect. As one Qing official complained:[9]. This humiliation showed all of China's subjects, neighbors, and tributaries that the once-mighty China was now weak and vulnerable. . In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. After more than 2,000 years, though, Chinese imperial power under the last Chinese dynasty was about to collapse for good. Sikh uprisings against the Mughal Empire in India, Pugachev's Revolt in the Russian Empire, and the White Lotus Rebellion in China mirrored the rebellions in the Atlantic world. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). In particular, the court marked itself off from its subjects in certain religious, linguistic, ritual, and social characteristics, always presenting themselves as outside conquerors. The Qing had forbidden agriculture in the northern regions, which were left to the Mongol pastoralists, but the introduction of new world crops such as potato and maize opened the northern region plains farming. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures used by the religious groups. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. As a result of such technological improvements, the Chinese population exploded, increasing from just shy of 178 million in 1749 to almost 359 million in 1811; and by 1851, the population in Qing dynasty China was close to 432 million people. At first, farmers in regions adjacent to Mongolia worked for the Mongols, but eventually, the people in the overcrowded Hubei and Hunan provinces flowed out and into the region. Snow Lotus | Frisco TX Although the Manchu finally crushed (1804) the rebellion, the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchu was shattered, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th cent. A similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China as tax protests. Rather than following the path of Japan's Meiji Restoration and modernizing the country, Cixi purged her court of modernizers. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. The Qing dynasty promoted itself as a conquering force, ruling China for 268 years before collapsing in 19111912. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). . Completely unprepared for such an onslaught, the Qing dynasty lost, and Britain imposed unequal treaties and took control of the Hong Kong region, along with millions of pounds of silver to compensate the British for the lost opium. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the deeply forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless "floating" people (liumin ) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. Asia for Educators, Columbia University, 2009. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. Rapid and often reckless development of the Shensi uplands, however, often led to soil erosion, rapid loss of fertility, and declining crop output. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912. - marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. The feared Manchu banners, since their conquests of the early 1700s, showed they were no longer a military force of much value, and the emperor had to recruit a new army made up of Chinese militia. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. With its weaknesses exposed, China began to lose power over its peripheral regions. After 48 years, official Zeng Guofan studied and was inspired by the dynasty's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion while considering ways to defeat the Taiping movement. Updates? The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. One Qing response was to suppress the word "revolution" by banning it from their world-history textbooks. White Lotus sectarianism appealed to other Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother, who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. [CDATA[ Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. Beginning as enslavement protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many citizens. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. Within China, dissent grew, and the empire began to crumble from within. These three Atlantic RevolutionsAmerican, French, and Haitianwere part of a broader world crisis at the end of the eighteenth century. The river flooded constantly, and other natural disasters also occurred. "Tianlijiao ", in. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of military invincibility of the Manchu, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). As you might expect, the collapse of China's Qing dynasty was a long and complex process. Matt, I think religion played an important rule in peasants' rebellion in ancient China. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. [4] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. Members of the society were not ethnically different from Han Chinese, but subscribed to a belief based on a mixture of Taoism, Buddhism, and Manichaeism. "Rebellion and Religious Identity: The Case of the White Lotus Uprising (17961804)", This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. Local disaffection broke out in the so-called White Lotus Rebellion of 1796-1804, which was centerd in the Szechwan- Shensi- Hupeh- Honan border regions. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. ", Dai, Yingcong. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. ", Dai, Yingcong. Others began to openly call for the overthrow of the existing regime and replace it with a constitutional rule. [6] #ga-ad {display: none;} "[5] But as oue leader fell or was captured, another replaced him, and as the rebellion was extinguished in one place, it blazed out in another. His rule covered a span of 63 years, a reign lo, Kublai Khan A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. In the period after about 1680 the introduction of corn (maize) and sweet potatoes, followed in the 18th century by the introduction of the Irish potato, made upland farming possible. Qing control weakened and prosperity diminished by the 19th century. In 1775, a chief of the White Lotus Society, named Liu Sung, was banished from Anhwei to Kansuh after sending people to the area under pretext of healing diseases by prayer and incantation, to gain adherents to his cause in Western China. The crippled Qing dynasty clung to power for another decade, behind the walls of the Forbidden City, but the Wuchang Uprising of 1911 put the final nail in the coffin when 18 provinces voted to secede from the Qing dynasty. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Sun Yat-Sen emerged as China's first "professional" revolutionary, having gained an international reputation by being abducted by Qing agents in the Chinese Embassy in London in 1896. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Grandmother. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. In 1774, one instance of a derivative sect, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing near the city of Linqing. He declared that to prevent the capture of the young prince when a child, he had fled with him and concealed him beyond the borders of China. A second major contributor was internal turmoil, expressed in a series of devastating rebellions beginning in 1794 with the White Lotus rebellion, and ending with the Boxer Rebellion of 18991901 and Wuchang Uprising of 19111912. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Imperial forces. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. Chien-lung White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. The first Chinese immigrant to the United Sta, boxer Alissa, Clarissa, kisser, Larissa, Marisa, Melissa, Orissa, reminiscer fixer, mixer, sixer convincer, mincer, pincer, rinser, wincer Amrits, White Lafitte Jos (Silvestre de los Dolores), White House Correspondents' Association Dinner 2006 Speech, White Hot: The Mysterious Murder of Thelma Todd, White Nights (Belye Nochi) by Fedor Dostoevskii, 1848, https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. The young pretender, Wang Fa-sheng, was never any other than a puppet in the hands of the leaders. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. By the mid-19th century, the Qing dynasty had been in power for over a century, and the elites and many of their subjects felt they had a heavenly mandate to remain in power. ." In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. (present perfect, tell). The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. Buddhist sects, such as the White Lotus sect, a group that attracted many followers among the Chinese lower classes. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. Then a turn of fortune and successive victories of the imperialists would almost annihilate their armies and crush all their hopes. Tibet has been an independent country throughout the historical period and since time immemorial according to Tibetans' own myth-based sense of, Xinjiang (shnjyng) or Sinkiang (shnjyng, snkyng) [Chinese,=new frontier], officially Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Mandarin Xinjiang U, For more information on Chinese history and culture, seeVol. }, Page last modified: The Rebellion is estimated to have caused the deaths of some 100,000 rebels.[1][2]. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . What anecdote, or short personal story, does Didion tell at the beginning of the essay "Georgia O'Keeffe"? Updates? These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. [2][3], The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. We are committed to providing our patients care in the same warm, caring, and professional manner we would extend to members of our own family. The doctrine of the White Lotus includes an alleged forecast to the advent of the Buddha. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. This rebellion grew rapidly under Lin Chi-hieh and other leaders, oue of whom was a woman surnamed Wang, until there were a hundred thousand rebels in arms, who fought with varying fortune against an at least equal number of imperialist solidiers. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[6]. The rebels are all our own subjects. [4], Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. The White Lotus is a syncretic religious and political movement which forecasts the imminent advent of the "King of Light" , i.e., the future Buddha Maitreya. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. id Led by Lin Qing (; 1770-1813) and Li Wencheng, the revolt occurred in the Zhili, Shandong, and Henan provinces of China. This rebellion wasn't the direct down fall of the Qing dynasty. He simply and quietly disappeared. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. [6], A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. Explain semantic, declarative, episodic, and explicit memories. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. Althongh there were several risings against the Manchu dynasty during the first four reigns, the White Lotus Society kept quiet until about 1761, when the Emperor Kien-lung issued an edict against it and the Ming Tsuen or Illustrious Worthies and the Pah Yun or White Cloud sects. Corrections? Dimitri Vegas, Steve Aoki The White Lotus Theme (Aloha!) Under the Ming and the Qing, the movement existed in small, secret congregations and its doctrines were spread through baojuan ("precious volumes . France seized Southeast Asia, creating its colony of French Indochina. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. Because of the brutality of the Qing troops, however, the troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. As one Qing official complained: The rebels are all our own subjects. The Qing state banned the religion, and it, The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. It had cost the lives of countless civilians and regular troops, including more than 400 high officers, and consumed more than 200 million liang /tael, which corresponded to four times the annual revenues of the state treasury. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the densely forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless peasant refugees(liumin, see also shed people) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. Rather, it consisted of uncoordinated roving bands using hit-and-run guerrilla tactics. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12).
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